Online Slot Machines in New Zealand: 2026 Rules
A practical guide to legal context, game mechanics, free-play limits, RTP and what payout information can actually establish.

Table of Contents
- How New Zealand’s Online Casino Rules Affect Slot Play in 2026
- How to Assess Slot Sites Without Relying on “Best” Claims
- Free Slot Games: Browser Play, Downloads and Bonus Terms
- From Three-Reel Pokies to Megaways: How Slot Games Differ
- Can You Predict a Win or Make Money from Online Slots?
- Free Reels and Real-Money Play Are Not the Same
- What Happens Behind an Online Slot Spin
- RTP, Real-Money Stakes and Bonus Restrictions
- Using a Slot Simulator to Learn a Game’s Features
- What a Slot Site’s Payout Information Can—and Cannot—Tell You
How New Zealand’s Online Casino Rules Affect Slot Play in 2026
The legal position for online pokies in New Zealand changed during 2026, but the change did not instantly create a fully operational domestic licensing system. The Gambling Act 2003 had prohibited online casinos from being based in New Zealand. Its focus was on operators running casino services from within the country, not on punishing people who played. A player’s decision to use an offshore casino was therefore distinct from an operator’s decision to establish and run an online casino in New Zealand.
That distinction matters if you are trying to understand what the rules mean for playing casino games online. The earlier framework did not amount to local approval or supervision of offshore services. Before the new law, a person using an offshore website did not have a New Zealand regulator overseeing that service, and there was no domestic government recourse for a customer in a dispute. This is different from saying that players faced criminal liability simply for placing a wager: the 2003 Act targeted domestic operators rather than individual players.
Choosing an online slot site in New Zealand is easier when you can check the available operator information before deciding where to play. Use these brief notes as a starting point for your own research.
License: Malta Gaming Authority, licence no. MGA/B2C/394/2017 N1 Casino lists a Malta Gaming Authority licence, number MGA/B2C/394/2017. You can use that licence detail as a point of reference when assessing the operator.
License: Tobique Gaming Commission, licence no. 0000002 Ricky Casino lists a Tobique Gaming Commission licence, number 0000002. You can take this licensing information into account when considering the operator.
License: Tobique Gaming Commission, licence no. 0000064 Neospin lists a Tobique Gaming Commission licence, number 0000064. This gives you a specific licence detail to check as part of your research.
License: 07017519840 · Payout speed: 1-3 business days Zotabet lists licence number 07017519840 and a payout speed of 1–3 business days. You can consider both details when reviewing the operator.
License: Malta Gaming Authority, licence no. MGA/B2C/370/2017 Play Grand lists a Malta Gaming Authority licence, number MGA/B2C/370/2017. You can refer to that licence information when evaluating the operator.
Payout speed: 1-3 business days Wintino lists a payout speed of 1–3 business days. You can use this stated timeframe as one point of reference when considering the operator.
License: Tobique Gaming Commission, licence no. 0000091 7Bit Casino lists a Tobique Gaming Commission licence, number 0000091. You can check this licensing detail as part of your research.
License: Curaçao Gaming Authority, licence no. OGL/2024/165/0185 BitStarz lists a Curaçao Gaming Authority licence, number OGL/2024/165/0185. You can use that licence detail when assessing the operator.
Payout speed: 1-3 business days Lamabet lists a payout speed of 1–3 business days. You can factor this stated timeframe into your review of the operator.
The Online Casino Gambling Act 2026 created New Zealand’s first domestic licensing framework for online casino gambling. It took effect on 1 May 2026, bringing a new statutory basis for regulation. The Department of Internal Affairs is responsible for regulating the licensing framework. This changes the legal structure around providers, but it does not mean that every online casino available to New Zealanders became locally licensed as soon as the law began.
A transition, not an instant changeover
The new law includes a transition period. Online casinos that were already providing services to people in New Zealand before 1 May 2026 may continue operating under transitional provisions until 1 December 2026. That temporary permission is not the same as holding a licence under the complete domestic regime. It is a bridge between the earlier situation and the future system.
The full licensed framework is not expected to be fully operational until 2027. So, when you see references to online slot machines in New Zealand in 2026, the date alone does not tell you whether a particular provider has a New Zealand licence. The rules are moving through stages: the new law is in force, transitional arrangements apply to existing services for a defined period, and the complete licensing system is still to come into operation.
The transition also explains why broad claims about “legal” or “licensed” play can be misleading. A site being accessible from New Zealand does not, by itself, establish that it is licensed locally. Nor should a temporary ability to continue serving customers during the transition be confused with the status that will apply once the full regime is operating. These are separate questions, and the relevant dates matter.
What the distinction means for players
For players, the central distinction is between the location and conduct of the operator and the act of playing. The Gambling Act 2003 prohibited a casino from being run from within New Zealand; it did not make a player the target of that prohibition. The 2026 law changes the regulatory framework for providers, rather than turning the earlier operator-focused rule into a general offence for customers.
That does not mean an offshore casino was protected by New Zealand oversight before the new law. If a customer had a problem with an offshore service in that period, the absence of a domestic regulator meant there was no New Zealand government channel supervising that provider or providing local recourse. The difference is practical: the player was not the person the 2003 Act targeted, but the service was also not locally supervised in the way a domestic licence is intended to enable.
For anyone considering online casino slot machines, it is useful to keep these points separate: whether a service can be reached, whether it is operating under transitional permission, and whether it holds a licence in the completed domestic system.
The move to domestic licensing is significant because it establishes a local framework where one did not previously exist for offshore online casino services. Yet 2026 is a transition year, not a simple switch from unregulated access to a fully functioning licensed market. Understanding that sequence helps you read claims about New Zealand’s rules more carefully without confusing the legal position of a provider with the position of a player.
- Identify whether a claim is about the site, a game, or an outcome
- Look for specific supporting material that can be examined
- Check for clearly defined criteria in comparisons
- Rely on superlatives like “best” without evidence
- Trust claims about hacks, special settings, or secret methods
- Assume a site is locally licensed just because it is accessible
How to Assess Slot Sites Without Relying on “Best” Claims
A claim that a site has the “best” pokies is not a useful assessment on its own. It does not tell you what was compared, how the conclusion was reached or whether the claim is current. Treat superlatives as marketing until you can identify the evidence behind them. The same applies to claims about a particular game being the best online slot machine: a confident label is not a measure of what you will experience.
Start by asking what the claim actually means. “Best” might refer to the size of a published RTP, the range of games, the way a site presents its terms or something else entirely. Those are different qualities, and one does not prove the others. A site may make a broad claim while providing no clear comparison or explanation. If the basis is not stated, you cannot judge whether the conclusion matters to you.
Look for evidence, not polish
A professional-looking page, prominent game tiles and confident wording can make a service seem convincing, but appearance is not evidence of how its claims were checked. Look for information that is specific enough to assess: what is being claimed, what supports it and whether the supporting material can be examined.
Some online casinos say their pokies have higher payback percentages and publish payout audits on their websites. The existence of an audit is a point to investigate, not automatic proof that a site is better. Notice whether the material identifies what it covers and gives you enough detail to understand the claim. If the page offers only a headline figure or a vague reference to testing, avoid treating that as a complete comparison.
An RTP, or Return to Player, describes the percentage a game pays back over its entire lifetime. That definition does not make an advertised figure a promise about your own play. Nor does a higher figure, by itself, establish that a site is the right choice: it speaks to one measure, not every aspect of the service. Keep the claim in its proper scope instead of allowing a single number to stand in for an overall verdict.
Separate claims that sound alike
A site may use language about “top games,” “high returns” or “trusted play” as though these ideas support one another. They do not necessarily do so. A claim about a game’s payback is not the same as evidence about the site’s wider practices. Likewise, a large catalogue does not establish that the information attached to each game is clear or well supported.
When you see a comparison, check whether it explains its criteria. Does it distinguish between the game and the site hosting it? Does it say what evidence supports the stated advantage? Is the wording precise, or does it lean on broad assurances that could apply to almost any service? If you cannot tell what was measured, the comparison cannot do much work for you.
Be cautious with claims that promise an edge through a hack, a special setting or a secret method. A page that makes such promises should not be treated as a reliable guide simply because it uses technical language or displays impressive-looking results. Do not install unfamiliar tools or share account details on the strength of an unsupported claim. The practical question is whether the evidence can be independently understood, not whether the promise sounds persuasive.
Assessing a site
- Identify the nature of the claim (site vs. game)
- Find the supporting material for the claim
- Verify if the evidence is relevant to your needs
- Write down any remaining uncertainties
Make a decision in stages
Before you rely on a site’s claims, pause and check each one separately. First, identify whether it is about the site, a particular game or a general outcome. Next, find the supporting material and see whether it explains the claim rather than repeating it. Finally, decide whether that evidence is relevant to what you are trying to assess. If any step is unclear, set the claim aside rather than filling the gap with an assumption.
A short note can help: write down the claim, the evidence offered and what remains uncertain. This keeps several promotional statements from blending into one impression. It also makes it easier to notice when a page answers a different question from the one you care about—for instance, offering a game list when you are trying to assess the credibility of its payout information.
The aim is not to find a universal winner among slot sites. No single label can settle every question, and a polished “best” verdict should not replace your own check of the evidence. Give more weight to claims that are clearly defined and supported by material you can inspect; give less to broad promises, unexplained figures and comparisons with no stated basis. That approach will not predict how a session turns out, but it can help you avoid mistaking confident promotion for dependable information.
Free Slot Games: Browser Play, Downloads and Bonus Terms
Playing in a browser and installing casino software are different ways of accessing games. A web-based casino lets you open its games without downloading a client to your computer. With a download-based casino, you need to install its software before you can play and wager. The distinction is about how the games are accessed; it does not, by itself, tell you whether a particular game is free or whether a bonus applies.
A browser game can offer a free-play mode, but “free” needs to be read carefully. It may mean that you can try a game without placing a cash stake. It does not mean that every feature or any winnings will have cash value. Free spins offered as part of a promotion are also not necessarily the same as spins in a no-stake demo: promotional spins may be subject to bonus conditions, while ordinary free play is for entertainment and does not provide a withdrawable balance.
A bonus is an offer with rules attached, not simply a free game. If you accept one, check whether it is credited as bonus funds or free spins, what you must do before withdrawing, and whether the offer has an expiry. Casino bonuses commonly require you to wager a minimum amount before a withdrawal is allowed. That requirement can apply to bonus funds, winnings from free spins, or both, depending on the terms.
The figures reported for these conditions are not uniform rules. A specialist review describes welcome-bonus wagering requirements in a range of 30x to 50x; treat that as an account of terms found in reviews, not a promise that every offer uses that range. A specialist review also reports bonus rules that cap an active-bonus spin at NZ$5. The actual limit, if one applies, is set out in the offer’s terms. Exceeding a stated cap may affect eligibility to withdraw, so read the condition before playing rather than assuming a normal stake is permitted.
Casino bonuses commonly require you to wager a minimum amount before a withdrawal is allowed. This requirement can apply to bonus funds, winnings from free spins, or both.
Expiry is another detail to check. A specialist review reports bonus funds with deadlines ranging from 7 to 30 days, depending on the site. The relevant offer may use a different deadline, or may set conditions for completing wagering within that time. Look for when the clock starts and what happens to unused funds when it runs out. If the terms are unclear, accepting the offer can leave you with less flexibility than playing without it.
Before you opt in, read the bonus conditions alongside the withdrawal rules. Look for which games contribute to wagering, whether some games are excluded, and whether a maximum stake applies while the bonus is active. A headline describing free spins or bonus funds does not answer those questions. If you would rather avoid wagering conditions, declining the offer is a straightforward choice; you can decide whether to play without bonus funds instead.
Free online play can be a way to access a game in a browser without installing a casino client, but it is not interchangeable with a bonus attached to wagering. Keep the two meanings separate: one describes playing without a cash stake, while the other describes an offer whose terms may govern later withdrawals. A careful read of the conditions tells you which one is being presented before you commit to either.
From Three-Reel Pokies to Megaways: How Slot Games Differ
Pokies can look and play quite differently, even when the basic action is the same: you set a stake and spin. The reel layout, symbols and bonus features shape what happens on screen and how a game’s winning combinations are arranged. Knowing those differences can help you understand the rules of a game before you decide whether to play.
Classic three-reel pokies
Classic pokies use three reels and a simpler layout than many newer titles. Their symbols line up across a more familiar arrangement, without the additional reels and feature layers found in video games. They typically produce smaller wins more often than high-volatility titles, although that broad description does not tell you what any particular spin will pay.
The straightforward layout may make a classic game easier to follow, but it does not make its outcome predictable. A clear display or a small set of symbols is a design choice, not a way to gain control over the result.
Video pokies and feature rounds
Video pokies typically use five reels and add features such as wilds, scatters and free spins. A wild can substitute for other symbols where the game rules allow it; scatters can trigger a feature, and free spins give you a separate round of spins under the game’s rules.
The details differ from title to title. A feature’s name alone does not explain what it does: check the game’s paytable and rules to see which symbols activate it, what counts as a win and whether any conditions apply. The extra animations and bonus rounds can make a game feel more elaborate, but they do not make it easier to anticipate a result.
Megaways and changing reel layouts
Megaways games change the number of symbols shown on each reel from spin to spin. That means the visible layout, and the number of possible winning ways, can vary between turns rather than staying fixed. Some titles in this format can offer as many as 117,649 ways to win on one spin.
Megaways Layout
Megaways games change the number of symbols shown on each reel from spin to spin, meaning the number of possible winning ways can vary between turns.
A larger number of ways is a feature of the game’s structure, not a promise that a spin will win. The paytable explains how the ways are counted and which combinations qualify. If the shifting reel heights make the screen harder to read, take time to understand the rules before staking money.
Bonus buys
Some games include a bonus-buy option: instead of waiting for a feature to trigger through play, you pay a fixed stake multiplier to enter a bonus round directly. A specialist review reports costs ranging from 50x to 100x the stake for the games it discusses; that is a report about those titles, not a universal price or an established market standard.
A bonus buy can make a feature accessible sooner, but it also requires a larger stake than an ordinary spin. Read the game’s own rules and consider your loss limit before using one. No slot machine cheat or shortcut follows from choosing a particular format: reels, symbols and bonus options describe how a game is built, not a way to control its outcome. Play only if you meet the applicable minimum age requirement, and set a maximum loss limit before starting.
Can You Predict a Win or Make Money from Online Slots?
There is no reliable method for predicting which spin will win. Each online pokies spin is independent, so a quiet run does not make a payout more likely on the next turn. The game is not keeping track of how long you have played or how much you have lost, and it is never “due” to pay.
A sequence of near misses or small wins can feel like a clue, but it does not tell you what the next result will be. The outcome is determined by pseudorandom software; patterns you notice in past spins do not give you control over future ones. Changing your stake, switching games or waiting for a particular moment cannot turn an unpredictable result into a dependable strategy.
What volatility tells you
Volatility describes the pattern of payouts, not your chance of making a profit in a particular session. Low-volatility pokies tend to pay smaller amounts more regularly. High-volatility titles can have longer stretches without a payout, alongside the possibility of larger wins. Neither pattern makes a win certain, and a larger possible payout does not mean it is more likely to arrive.
This distinction matters when you are deciding what you can afford to lose. A game with frequent small returns may still leave you down overall; a game with longer quiet stretches may use up your budget before a larger payout appears. Volatility is a description of how results may be distributed over time, not a forecast for your next few spins.
You may see a multiplier such as 2x, 3x, 4x or 5x in a game’s presentation. Treat it as a possible feature of a result, not a formula for turning a stake into predictable income. A multiplier only matters if the required game outcome occurs, and it cannot make that outcome happen.
Can pokies provide an income?
You may win money from online pokies, but you cannot count on them as a way to earn. A favourable result can happen; it does not establish that the next session, or the next spin, will also be profitable. Because losses and wins cannot be scheduled, money needed for bills or other commitments should not be put at risk.
Financial Risk
Do not raise your stake to chase losses, as this increases your exposure without changing the independence of each spin. Set a maximum loss limit before starting.
Before playing, set a maximum loss you can accept and stop when you reach it. Do not raise your stake to chase losses: that increases the amount exposed without changing the independence of each spin. If you find yourself playing longer or spending more than planned, taking a break is a practical step, not a failure.
In New Zealand, gambling winnings are not taxed. That does not make pokies a source of reliable income or change the uncertainty of play. Judge any result as luck, rather than evidence that you have found a system.
Free Reels and Real-Money Play Are Not the Same
A free-play version can let you see how a pokie is laid out and what happens when you use its features. You can learn where the paytable sits, how to activate a feature and how the game responds to a spin, without putting money at stake. That can make the rules easier to follow before you decide whether to play for money.
But a demo is not a preview of what you would win with real stakes. A sequence of free spins cannot show what your personal results would have been if you had wagered, and a displayed win in demo mode is not withdrawable cash. Treat it as a way to inspect the game, not as evidence that a similar result will follow when money is involved.
The distinction matters especially with progressive jackpots. These games add to a shared prize pot with every spin across the casinos running that game. Demo mode does not pay progressive jackpots, so a jackpot shown on screen during free play is not a prize you can collect. The shared pot is tied to real-money play, not to a practice session.
If you are trying free versions of five-reel pokies, use the time to understand the interface and rules rather than to judge whether the game is generous. A short practice session may clarify how the buttons and features work; it cannot tell you how a later real-money session will unfold. The same applies to any free online pokie: what you see in demo mode is useful for learning the mechanics, but it is not a financial result.
Before moving from free play to wagering, pause and decide whether spending money fits your circumstances. Set a maximum loss limit before you start, and stop when you reach it. Do not treat a demo win as a reason to raise your stake or to expect a repeat. Free play removes the cost of a spin, while real-money play puts your own funds at risk. That difference is fundamental, even when both versions look and behave alike on screen.
What Happens Behind an Online Slot Spin
When you press spin on an online slot machine, the result is produced by software rather than by physical reels moving inside a cabinet. Virtual pokies use pseudorandom number generator software to determine the outcome. The name can sound contradictory: how can a result be random if a program generates it? The key is that “pseudo” describes the method, not a visible pattern in the results.
A pseudorandom number generator uses a mathematical process to produce a sequence of values that appears random. The slot’s software uses that process to select an outcome for a spin. What appears on screen is the game’s presentation of that result: reels may turn, symbols may pass by, and the animation may build anticipation, but those visual effects are not a physical mechanism deciding where the reels stop.
Pseudorandom Number Generator
A mathematical process used by slot software to produce a sequence of values that appears random to determine the outcome of a spin.
This distinction helps make sense of what you are seeing. The animation can make a spin feel like a sequence of events, yet the important point is the software-generated outcome behind it. A near miss on screen, for instance, is part of the displayed result; it does not show that a physical reel almost landed on a different symbol.
The system is not a person choosing whether to award a win, and the moving graphics are not a signal that the game is adjusting its result as the spin unfolds. The outcome comes from the game’s pseudorandom software. That is the basic mechanism behind a slot machine online, whether the game’s artwork depicts traditional reels or a more elaborate theme.
Understanding this does not reveal what the next spin will produce. The software explains how an outcome is generated; it does not provide a way to read or forecast that outcome from the animation, symbols shown previously, or the timing of a button press. Treat each spin as a fresh result from the game, not as a message hidden in what appeared on screen before.
For you as a player, the practical takeaway is modest but useful: focus on the game’s rules and the money you choose to risk, rather than trying to interpret reel movement as a clue. The screen makes the result visible; the pseudorandom process is what determines it.
RTP, Real-Money Stakes and Bonus Restrictions
RTP, or return to player, describes the share of stakes a game is designed to pay back across its entire lifetime. It is a long-run measure, not a forecast for your next session. A published RTP figure cannot tell you what you will receive from a particular set of spins: you may finish well below it or above it, and the figure does not make a short-term result predictable.
That distinction matters when you play pokies with money. Treat RTP as one description of a game’s overall design, not as a promise that a certain amount will come back to you. It also does not account for your personal spending pattern or determine when a payout will occur.
A welcome bonus adds another set of conditions. Specialist reviews report wagering requirements of 30x to 50x for welcome bonuses, but the terms attached to an individual offer are what matter. Read them before accepting: the requirement determines how much wagering must be completed before bonus-related funds can be withdrawn. A bonus balance is therefore not the same as cash you can immediately take out.
Pay particular attention to the maximum stake allowed while a bonus is active. Specialist reviews cite NZ$5 per spin as a cap that may apply, but the limit can depend on the offer’s own rules. If your stake exceeds the stated maximum, you may put eligibility for bonus-related winnings at risk. Check the precise wording rather than assuming that a limit reported elsewhere applies to your account.
Also look for restrictions that affect which games count toward wagering and whether there are conditions on withdrawals. Do not judge an offer by its headline value alone; the conditions determine how usable it is. If any term is unclear, pause before opting in and seek clarification from the operator.
Summary of Play
- RTP is a long-run measure, not a forecast for your next session
- Bonus terms and wagering requirements vary by operator
- Always check the maximum stake allowed while a bonus is active
- Decide on a loss limit in advance for real-money play
For real-money play, decide in advance how much you are prepared to lose and stop when you reach that limit. Neither a high RTP figure nor a bonus changes the uncertainty of individual outcomes. Keeping those points separate—the game’s long-run measure, the stake you risk, and the bonus rules—makes it easier to understand what you are agreeing to before you play.
Using a Slot Simulator to Learn a Game’s Features
A slot simulator can give you a low-pressure way to see how a game behaves before deciding whether to stake money. In demo mode, you can try its controls, follow the sequence of a round and see how features are triggered. That can help you understand what the screen is showing, rather than having to learn while real money is at risk.
Use the practice session to notice details that affect how you experience play: where the rules are displayed, how a feature begins, what choices appear during a bonus round and how the game signals that a round has ended. If an explanation is unclear, pause and read the game information before continuing. A simulator is most useful when you treat it as a way to learn the interface and mechanics, not as a test of whether the game will produce a particular result.
Free online pokies can make it easier to explore at your own pace. You can stop, restart or return to the rules without worrying about a stake for each attempt. Still, a demo session is not a forecast of what will happen if you later play for money. The sequence you see in practice does not tell you what a future session will bring, and getting familiar with a feature does not make its outcome predictable.
There is also an important limit for progressive jackpot games: demo mode does not pay out progressive jackpots. The practice version can show the game’s layout and ordinary features, but it cannot reproduce the real-money jackpot outcome. Do not treat a simulated jackpot display or a near miss as evidence that a real payout is close.
Before moving from practice to wagering, check that you are comfortable with the rules and with the possibility of losing the amount you stake. Decide on a maximum loss limit in advance and stop when you reach it; do not raise your stakes to try to recover losses. If the game’s mechanics still feel confusing, there is no need to rush into real-money play. A simulator can help you decide whether you understand a game well enough to make an informed choice, but it cannot remove the financial risk or show you what your next spin will do.
What a Slot Site’s Payout Information Can—and Cannot—Tell You
When you are trying to decide which online pokies site may suit you, a published payout audit can offer evidence to examine, but it cannot identify a guaranteed winner. Some casinos claim higher payback percentages and publish audits on their websites. Treat the figure as a claim about recorded or calculated payout performance, not a forecast of what you will receive.
Read the audit itself rather than relying on a headline percentage. Check whether it names the games or group of games covered, explains the period examined, and identifies who carried out the review. Those details help you judge how much the result can reasonably tell you. If the page gives only a percentage without explaining its scope or method, there is little context for comparing it with another claim.
Comparisons are most useful when the figures cover similar games and are presented on a comparable basis. A site-wide figure and an audit of selected titles may describe different things, even if both are labelled as payout information. Avoid treating the largest displayed number as proof that a site will return more to you personally.
No audit can predict your next session. Each spin is independent, so a game is not due to pay because it has produced few wins, and a published result does not promise that your own play will match it. Use payout information as one piece of evidence about what a site discloses. It can help you assess the transparency of a claim; it cannot guarantee your outcome or settle which site is best for you.
Are online pokies legal in New Zealand?
Yes, you can play online, and the Gambling Act 2003 targeted operators running online casinos from within New Zealand rather than players. In 2026, existing services may operate under transitional provisions until 1 December, while the full licensing framework is expected to be operational in 2027.
Is any online casino licensed in New Zealand?
No casino can be treated as licensed under the completed domestic regime yet: the full licensing framework is not expected to be operational until 2027. Existing services may operate under transitional provisions until 1 December 2026.
When will New Zealand launch online casino licenses?
The licensing law took effect on 1 May 2026, but the full licensed framework is expected to be operational in 2027.
Will online gambling winnings be taxed in New Zealand?
No, gambling winnings are not taxed in New Zealand.
Are NZ online casino licenses active yet?
No, the full domestic licensing framework is not expected to be operational until 2027. Existing online casinos may continue under transitional provisions until 1 December 2026.
How many NZ online casino licenses will be available?
The regime is expected to allow up to 15 online casino licences initially.
Prepared by the Casino Expert NZ editorial staff.
